Literary Analysis An Inspector Calls - 2046 Words

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According to Critical Approaches to Literature, Social or Sociocultural criticism: examines literature in the cultural, economic and political context in which it is written or received,† exploring the relationships between the artist and society. Sometimes it examines the artist’s society to better understand the author’s literary works; other times, it may examine the representation of such societal elements within the literature itself (Social Criticism) An example of this would be how in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Huck goes against what society wants, that being harboring a slave, and instead makes a friend out of a slave named Jim and shields him from the law no matter what the consequencesShow MoreRelatedSherlock Holmes : The Most Iconic Detective Figure Of All Time1278 Words   |  6 Pagesof all time. The stories of Sherlock Holmes have left an enormous mark on modern forensic studies and completely revolutionized the literary world of mystery. 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The Houses of The Great Gatsby Functional and Symbolic Essay

The Houses of The Great Gatsby: Functional and Symbolic Present within many novels that deal with class are intricate descriptions of the homes, the grounds, and even the neighborhoods that the characters live in and aspire to live within. While the descriptions are often lyrical their presence is far from superfluous. The estates in such novels nearly always have specific functions that are integral to the narrative and just as often serve a symbolic purpose. The novels we considered this semester are not exempt from this assertion, in fact, one illustrates the principle precisely. The novel that exemplifies the concept is The Great Gatsby. F. Scott Fitzgerald gives us exhaustive descriptions of the dwellings of nearly every character†¦show more content†¦Isnt that just as their home is described? (Even the word home seems too warm a descriptor to use surrounding the Buchanans). A lawn, lush and manicured (especially in the summer), that begins at the beach and is spotted w ith ornamentation and molded into areas for leisure may have visual appeal but is in no way organic or natural. Their house: Georgian; classical, but the many windows only reflect the golden sunshine of the outdoors. They are not transparent and the implication is that there is nothing behind them of substance to see anyway, if they were. As we come to know, within the Buchanans house (or within the Buchanans themselves) there is no substantive warmth, love or familial relationships which one might expect to see evidence of upon peering through the windows of a home. In describing their estate, Fitzgerald alerts the reader early on seamlessly, subtly, completely incorporated within the plot and structure, to the true character of the Buchanans. Additionally, the house is a symbol of the Buchanans social standing. Its location in East Egg (the more fashionable and old monied side of the bay) and the fact that even for East Egg it is expansive and impressive speaks to the high social standing Tom and Daisy BuchananShow MoreRelated The Valley of Ashes as Metaphor in The Great Gatsby Essay1969 Words   |  8 PagesThe Valley of Ashes as Metaphor in The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, location is a critical motif. The contrasts between East and West, East Egg and West Egg, and the two Eggs and New York serve important thematic roles and provide the backdrops for the main conflict. Yet, there needs to be a middle ground between each of these sites, a buffer zone, as it were; there is the great distance that separates East from West; there is the bay that separatesRead MoreThe American Dream as Shown Through Jay Gatsby Essay2729 Words   |  11 Pages Jay Gatsby becomes so enthralled in his American Dream and the immoral means that he would use to obtain it, however, that he could not see foreboding events around him. He acts in a manner of obliviousness when many of the people whom he associates with mock him, such as when and an unnamed woman in Gatsby’s house in Chapter VI gives an insincere invitation for Gatsby to come to dinner and, after Gatsby naively accepts the invitation, Tom ridicules him by asking Nick, â€Å"Doesn’t he know she doesn’tRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model† for a piece of critical appreciation. Nevertheless, one can give information and suggestions that may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When weRead MoreCohesion in Short Story17921 Words   |  72 Pageswhat kind of types and functions of grammatical and lexical cohesion. 4. Finally, the writer analyzes all chosen data clearly. 1.8 Population and Sample 1.9.2 Population The population of this research is the short story â€Å"The Great Stone Face by Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The short story has a six parts. 1.9.3 Sample The writer chooses part one until part four as sample in this research. The research will be too large in describing the characteristic of population without

HRM Strategy and Implementation

Questions: You are asked as an independent consultant to conduct a critical review of the companys employee performance management strategies for Heinz Company Australia and recommend the way forward. Write a business report that answers all the three questions: 1). How was Heinzs approach to performance management invalid in relation to Morettis job? Explain your answer in relation to significance of strategic performance management, appraisal and employee feedback in organisational context. 2). How was Heinzs approach towards employee performance management unreliable? Discuss your answer that relates employee performance management and its impact on strategic human resource management and organisational performances. 3). Identify the ways in which Heinzs employee performance management could be improved. As part of your answer, make sure you explain carefully how the company should implement your recommendations because so much of success in this area depends on the how of any strategy is implemented. Answers: Introduction The following essay evaluates the performance management strategies of HJ Heinz Company Australia, regarding an unfair dismissal of a sales manager in the organization. Human resource management is the most important management among all other managements in an organization, as this particular management looks after the main resource of an organization that is the human resources. The HR managers look after the job role and the job satisfaction of every employee of an organization. They even measure the standard performance and actual performance of the employees in order to find out the weaknesses of the employees. Bamberger et al. (2014) mentioned that depending upon the result; the HR managers provide training to the employees in order to achieve the goal of the organization. In this assignment, the importance of the human resource management and the importance of the role of the strategic performance management have been studied in order to run the business effectively, efficiently and successfully. The main aim of every organization should be comprised of fulfilling the demand of the employees and to encourage them by guiding and motivating them towards the work, towards their job role as the work force is considered as the most important source for the development of the organization. Literature Review (1). Significance of strategic performance management The strategic performance management plays a vital role in assessing employee performance as well as employee feedback. According to Buller and McEvoy, (2012) performance appraisal shall be done half-yearly or annually. Thus, individual roles shall be assessed as per the organizational short term as well as long-term goals and object. In the case of Heinz, it was mandatory to evaluate employee performance as per the standards set by the organization. Tang et al. (2015) mentioned that strategic performance management is a procedure to establish operational strategies to assess the organization performance against the goals and objectives set at the outset. This process helps a business enterprise to recognize the errors of the business organization established at the beginning of the year. However, proper employee feedback was not gathered in relation to the operational performance of the organization. In the case of sales manager Moretti, the performance management system was invalid in relation to the Moretti job performance. It was designed to identify the discrepancies in the performance of the employee that would lead to termination. It was pre-determined at the outset that Moretti performance did not meet the expectations of the management. In this regard, it can be said that the strategic performance management emphasizes on recognition of weaknesses in the performance of the employee to assist the individual in executing the job role to perfection. Farndale and Kelliher (2013) stated that it is a structured process, which recognizes the contribution of the employee to the growth of the organization. This is more pertinent in the case of the food and beverage industry, which is subjected to vulnerable market conditions. Thus, performance of each employee has to be individually measured to fulfill the long-term objectives and the goals of the organization. According to Farndale and Kelliher (2013), mentioned that the strategic performance measures takes a number of factors into consideration like market conditions, the presence of substitute products in the market as well as the internal working environment of the organization. According to Armstrong and Taylor (2014), this process helps the organization to make certain alterations to business functionalities. Moretti was clearly informed about his termination from the business organization. However, the reasons for dismissal were not clearly mentioned. Therefore, this was not fair grounds for dismissal. It can be said that unfair strategic performance measures have led to this situation. Piening et al. (2014) noted that the low score in the annual review could not be a fair reason for the dismissal of the employee, since this was based on the rating conducted by the business organization t hat gave the same marks to every employee. It was not based on actual performance of the employees and did not give a true and fair representation of the performance by the employees, The company felt that it was not possible to prepare an individual plan for Moritt and therefore it is not justifiable. There were some performance measurement concerns on the part of the management of the organization. However, these plans were not disclosed to the sales manager of the business organization. Schalk et al. (2013) mentioned strategic performance measures require an organization to have a clear flow of communication to each employee, thereby facilitating organizational growth. In addition, employees should have well defined job roles for employees. However, Heinz did not adequately follow these regulations. There was a negative perception about the performance of the sales manager of the business organization without having based on any facts. As such, it can be said that unfair treatment has been given to Moritt about his termination from the job. According to Armstrong and Taylor (2014), performance management is defined as the positive partnership among the management and the employees of an organization that helps the employees of the firm to perform at their best possible way and to align the contribution with the values, objectives and the initiatives of the particular firm. Alfes, (2013) noted that the strategic performance management is composed of various indicators, frameworks and methodologies, which has helped the firm in formulating the strategy and to make the employees able to gain strategic insights that permits them to challenge the assumptions of strategy, to refine the strategic thinking and to inform the strategic learning and decision-making. Marler and Fisher (2013) mentioned the main tools of the strategic performance management include the management by objectives, Balanced Scorecard; Value based Management, Marr Balanced Scorecard, Results Based Leadership, Performance Prism and Result oriented manageme nt that help in running the organization ethically. The other ways by implementing which the performance review procedure within the organization can be optimized include by setting goals effectively, by following the planning of performance, by ensuring the continuing process, byy improving the productivity of the firm through better management of the objective of the firm, by collecting various information from various sources. Jamali et al. (2015) mentioned that the other techniques by implementing which the strategic performance management can be well developed within an organization include documentation, reviewing, by preparing adequately and by providing training to the managers of the firm. Therefore, by analyzing the significances of the implementation of well-developed strategic performance management within an organization, it can be said that the particular organization of the case study that is HJ Heinz Company should also implement the various tools of strategic performance management. In addition to this, the management department of the firm should link the management performance with the recognition and the rewards, so that the employees of the organization get encouragement to perform their job perfectly. The performance management should encourage and evaluate the full participation and the success of a particular project and the organization. (2). Impact of Employee Performance Management on SHRM HJ Heinz Company approach to employee management consisted of certain discrepancies. The company had developed a rating system that gave a false representation of employee performance. In addition, it gave a low score to all the employees of the organization irrespective of the actual productivity developed by the business organization. It had a pre-determined perception towards Moritt that adversely influenced the performance management process. In this regard, Moritt was not informed of the performance management concerns that the management of the organization had towards Moritt. This hampered the productivity of the individual. Yorks and Barto (2013) noted that the concept of effective human resource management relates towards assisting employees to identify their shortcomings to help enhance the productivity rate. Besides this, it relates to dealing with employee issues at the working place. Thus, Piening et al. (2014) mentioned that effective human resource policies should posi tively influence individual as well as organizational performance. The workforce should be motivated enough to meet the expectations of the management. Heinz Australia has been unable to develop pertinent human resource strategies that shall have a positive impact on the performance of employee. According to Barrick et al. (2015), human resource policies should be flexible, so that it can be adopted to suit the market situation existing at that point of time. Thus, there should be proper coordination between different departments of a business organization to enhance smoother flow of communication within the organization. This shall ensure that employees coming from different cultures, nationalities and having different opinions to work as a team to achieve a common goal. Chow et al. (2013) mentioned that the primary objective of strategic human resources management is to frame policies that would enhance employee productivity rate with the limited amount of time and resources. Besides this, it aims to offer maximum employee satisfaction to the empl oyees. Sparrow (2013) stated that a successful organizational performance is composed of many factors that shall contribute towards a sustainable business performance. In this regard, Minbaeva and De Cieri (2014) noted that operational, human resource as well as financial strategies are the three core of constituents of effective organizational performance .Therefore, is any one of the three standards do not execute consistent performance, it shall have a pertinent adverse impact on organizational performance. The sales manager of the business organization did not get the required assistance from the human resource department to identify the performance management issues that have been influencing his performance. According to Purce (2014), employees should be motivated enough to voluntary participate in employee performance assessment procedure to serve the purpose of the organization. Any force applied to individual employees shall be detrimental to the performance of the organization. In the case of Heinz, Moritt have objections to the performance management procedure adopted in the business organization. However, his issues was not highlighted or considered by the management of the organization. As such, this prevented a fair appraisal procedure towards Moritt and this can be largely be attributed towards the sacking of the employee. . In this context, Bos Nehles et al. (2013) noted that it can be said that the strategic performance management can be considered invalid as it was not a fair practice in the context of employee appraisal and employee feedback. Accoding to Bondarouk and Rul (2013), Heinz, Australia has an ineffective employee performance management implemented , which did not consider certain attributes like aptitude, skill and work history of the employee. In the context of the global market, these attributes are considered when determining employee appraisal performance in the organization. The following important recommendations can be made to assist the organization to evaluate the existing working conditions of the business organization Re-innovation - The performance management process should be re-innovated to assist the management of the organization to put in effective procedures to ensure that fair treatment is offered to employees. This can be done irrespective of the market situation as well as the profitability levels of the brand. The re-innovation procedure shall consider all the errors or discrepancies made in the past, and would improve the organization as per the needs of the organization. Appraisal policies Effective appraisal policies should be introduced in the organization, which shall implement authentic evaluation procedures for the employees in the organization. The appraisal policies shall constitute of certain attributes like employee attendance, meeting of targets and behavior. In this regard, it can be said that authentic appraisal policies shall enable an organization to accurately measure employee performance and form organizational hierarchy. Employee engagement policies- Employee engagement policies shall assist an employee to set pre-determined policies to feel a part of the organization. Thus, there shall be motivation to achieve individual and organizational goals. In this regard, it can be said that this would motivate employees to actively participate in employee performance measures procedure and to extend all the cooperation to the management of the organization. Employee issue Proper hearing must be given to employee issues to voice their concerns. It is the job of the human resource management to evaluate the employee issues so that employee issues can be dealt effectively. This would d enhance the appraisal policies followed in the organization (3). Improvement of Employee Performance Management According to Beer et al. (2015), Employee performance management procedures would have far-reaching benefits, if it were implemented effectively. As such, there are certain measures, which can be adopted to rectify the discrepancies that are having a negative impact on employee performance management procedures to assess employee performance. However, these depend on the structural constituents of the organization, and the product or service line the organization is operating. Kaufman (2015) mentioned that each organization would have different requirements. Thus, there cannot be a unified performance management procedure to assist the business organization in its growth and development. However, Minbaeva (2013) noted that it can be said that equal treatment of employees is a pertinent requirement that is applicable to all organizations. Discrimination based on the background and gender is unlawful and therefore cannot be acceptable to the management of the organization. Kaufman (2015) mentioned that discrimination in the organization could have an essential negative impact on the employee morale. This can have a negative impact on organizational performance management as well as appraisal strategies in the context of organizational performance. The following are the recommendations that can be mad to improve the Hienzs employee performance management procedures, in the case of HJ Heinz Company , Australia. Employee feedback - Employee feedback is an important attribute that can assist any business organization to enhance its staff performance management procedures. This shall also assist the organization to identify the errors, and assist the organization on the path of recovery. Therefore, regular collection of feedback would assist the management of the organization to judge employee morale and act accordingly. Regular monitoring of employee performance - Employee performance should be regularly evaluated as well assessing their contribution to the organizational performance. According to Zikic (2015), this shall imbibe discipline and work ethics among the employee of the organization. Thus, detailed scrutiny of employee performance is an essential requirement of to facilitate employee performance measures of a business organization. Grievance redressal cell- A grievance redressal cell can be established to address issues related to the issues of employees. Sikora and Ferris (2014) noted that Employees shall lodge their concerns in this entity, and this shall facilitate the workforce to execute their performances as per the management expectations. The grievance redressal cell shall look forward to identify the discrepancies in the management process in the business organization. Team building - Team building exercises can be established to foster unity. As such, this would assist employees to identify themselves as a part of a team and accept cultural diversity among the workforce. Human resource policies It is the job of the human resource department, to develop human resource strategies, that shall put an effective employee performance management system in the business organization. These shall be done after considering factors like size of the workforce, the scale of operations and the intensity of operations. The primary responsibility of the human resource department is to assist the management of the business organization to put effective structures in place to appraise employee performance effectively. Equal treatment of employees- There should be equal treatment of employees irrespective of the background, culture and creed. Employees should be solely judged on the performance of the employees. This would enable the employees to have greater trust on employee performance management measures in an organization. Having a pre-determined perception would adversely influence the employee assessment procedure in the business organization. A Separate department - A separate department can be constituted in the case of employees having multinational operations. Thus, a separate department in each location shall assist the management of a business organization to identify the performance of the employees as per the goals and objectives of the organization. Investing in research and development - The management of the business organization can invest in research and development to implement an effective performance management in the organization. This shall lead the employee performance measure to be executed with minimum amount of time and effort. The research and development shall help create strict guideline within which the research and development activities would be executed in an effective manner. It can be said that the amount of resources that would be required to execute a successful organizational performance measures. Conclusion It can be said that the performance management measures is an essential tool to evaluate individual and group achievements of a business enterprise. It analyzes the discrepancies in the business functionalities and makes essential recommendations. In the case of HJ Hienz company Australia, the sales manager of the organization was unduly sacked from the organization without having given any adequate reasons. The performance management issues were not disclosed to Moritt. Therefore, the performance management procedures were not fair and transparent and did not follow the correct path. A pre-determined perception was set against the employee due to whom the person was treated in an unfair manner. If the correct appraisal and human resource policies was established such situations could have been avoided. Effective usage of the such tools like Balanced Scorecard; Value based Management, Marr Balanced Scorecard, Results Based Leadership, Performance Prism and Result oriented management shall help the management of the organization to correctly assess the performance of the employees. The appraisal and performance management measures is based on the constituents of fair and transparent judgment of quarterly and half yearly performance of the management of a business enterprise. HJ Heinz Company did not meet these criteria. In addition, the performance rating system gave a low as well as same score to each of the employees in the organization. This hampered the evaluation process as it was designed to terminate Moritt based on performance management issues. However, there was not enough reason to take such action, and these reflected poorly on the performance. Several pertinent measures can be taken to rectify such a situation, which are - effective human resource policies, constant moni toring of employee performance and establishing a grievance redressal cell, which shall take care of employee issues in the workplace. References Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E.C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: Examining the mediating role of engagement. Human resource management, 52(6), pp.839-859. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bamberger, P.A., Biron, M. and Meshoulam, I., 2014. Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Barrick, M.R., Thurgood, G.R., Smith, T.A. and Courtright, S.H., 2015. Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), pp.111-135. Beer, M., Boselie, P. and Brewster, C., 2015. Back to the future: implications for the field of HRM of the multistakeholder perspective proposed 30 years ago. Human Resource Management, 54(3), pp.427-438. Bondarouk, T. and Rul, H., 2013. The strategic value of e-HRM: results from an exploratory study in a governmental organization. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(2), pp.391-414. Bondarouk, T. and Rul, H., 2013. The strategic value of e-HRM: results from an exploratory study in a governmental organization. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(2), pp.391-414. Bos Nehles, A.C., Van Riemsdijk, M.J. and Kees Looise, J., 2013. Employee perceptions of line management performance: applying the AMO theory to explain the effectiveness of line managers' HRM implementation. Human resource management, 52(6), pp.861-877. Buller, P.F. and McEvoy, G.M., 2012. Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human resource management review, 22(1), pp.43-56. Chow, I.H.S., Teo, S.T. and Chew, I.K., 2013. HRM systems and firm performance: The mediation role of strategic orientation. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(1), pp.53-72. Farndale, E. and Kelliher, C., 2013. Implementing performance appraisal: Exploring the employee experience. Human Resource Management, 52(6), pp.879-897. Jamali, D.R., El Dirani, A.M. and Harwood, I.A., 2015. Exploring human resource management roles in corporate social responsibility: the CSR HRM co creation model. Business Ethics: A European Review, 24(2), pp.125-143. Kaufman, B.E., 2015. Evolution of strategic HRM as seen through two founding books: A 30th anniversary perspective on development of the field.Human Resource Management, 54(3), pp.389-407. Marler, J.H. and Fisher, S.L., 2013. An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), pp.18-36. Minbaeva, D.B. and De Cieri, H., 2014. Strategy and IHRM. The Routledge Companion to International Human Resource Management, pp.13-28. Minbaeva, D.B., 2013. Strategic HRM in building micro-foundations of organizational knowledge-based performance. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), pp.378-390. Piening, E.P., Baluch, A.M. and Ridder, H.G., 2014. Mind the Intended Implemented Gap: Understanding Employees Perceptions of HRM. Human Resource Management, 53(4), pp.545-567. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals), 67. Schalk, R., Timmerman, V. and Van den Heuvel, S., 2013. How strategic considerations influe nce decision making on e-HRM applications. Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), pp.84-92. Sikora, D.M. and Ferris, G.R., 2014. Strategic human resource practice implementation: The critical role of line management. Human Resource Management Review, 24(3), pp.271-281. Sparrow, P., 2013. 5 Strategic HRM and employee engagement. Employee engagement in theory and practice, p.99. Tang, G., Chen, Y. and Jin, J., 2015. Entrepreneurial orientation and innovation performance: roles of strategic HRM and technical turbulence.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 53(2), pp.163-184. Yorks, L. and Barto, J., 2013. Invited reaction: The strategic value of HRD in lean strategy implementation. Human Resource Development Quarterly,24(1), pp.29-33. Zikic, J., 2015. Skilled migrants' career capital as a source of competitive advantage: implications for strategic HRM. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(10), pp.1360-1381.

Lung Cancer Essays (3194 words) - RTT, Lung Cancer,

Lung Cancer Lung cancer is not just one disease but rather a group of diseases. All forms of cancer cause cells in the body to change and grow out of control. Most types of cancer cells form a lump or mass called a tumor. Cells from the tumor can break away and travel to other parts of the body where they can continue to grow. This spreading process is called metastasis. When cancer spreads, it is still named after the part of the body where it started. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the lungs, it is still breast cancer, not lung cancer. Another word for cancerous is malignant, so a cancerous tumor is referred to as malignant. But not all tumors are cancer. A tumor that is not cancer is called benign. Benign tumors do not grow and spread the way cancer does. They are usually not a threat to life. A few cancers, such as blood cancers (leukemia), do not form a tumor. Most cancers are named after the part of the body where the cancer first starts. Lung cancer begins in the lungs. The lungs are two sponge-like organs in the chest. The right lung has three sections, called lobes. The left lung has two lobes. It is smaller because the heart takes up more room on that side of the body. The lungs bring air in and out of the body, taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide gas, a waste product. The lining around the lungs, called the pleura, helps to protect the lungs and allows them to move during breathing. The windpipe (trachea) brings air down into the lungs. It divides into tubes called bronchi, which divide into smaller branches called bronchioles. At the end of these small branches are tiny air sacs known as alveoli. Most lung cancers start in the lining of the bronchi but they can also begin in other areas such as the trachea, bronchioles, or alveoli. Lung cancer often takes many years to develop. Once the lung cancer occurs, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. Lung cancer is a life- threatening disease because it often spreads in this way before it is found. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. During the year 2000 there will be about 164,100 new cases of lung cancer in this country. About 156,900 people will die of lung cancer: about 89,300 men and 67,600 women. More people die of lung cancer than of colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. Lung cancer is fairly rare in people under the age of 40. The average age of people found to have lung cancer is 60. If lung cancer is found and treated by surgery early, before it has spread to lymph nodes or other organs, the five-year survival rate is about 42%. However, few lung cancers are found at this early stage. The five-year survival rate for all stages of lung cancer combined was 14% in 1995, the last year for which we have national data. A risk factor is something that increases a person's chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors, like smoking, can be controlled. Others, such as a person's age, can't be changed. Smoking is by far the leading risk factor for lung cancer. More than 8 out of 10 lung cancers are thought to result from smoking. The longer a person has been smoking, and the more packs per day smoked, the greater the risk. If a person stops smoking before lung cancer develops, the lung tissue slowly returns to normal. Stopping smoking at any age lowers the risk of lung cancer. Cigar and pipe smoking are almost as likely to cause lung cancer as cigarette smoking. There is no evidence that smoking low tar cigarettes reduces the risk of lung cancer. Nonsmokers who breathe the smoke of others also increase their risk of lung cancer. Non- smoking spouses of smokers, for example, have a 30% greater risk of developing lung cancer than do spouses of nonsmokers. Workers exposed to tobacco smoke in the workplace are also more likely to get lung cancer. There are other risk factors for lung cancer besides smoking. People who work with asbestos have a higher risk of getting lung cancer. If they also smoke, the risk is greatly increased. The type of lung cancer linked to asbestos, mesothelioma, often starts in the pleura. This

student management system Essay Example

student management system Essay Example student management system Essay student management system Essay ABSTRACT A Student management is a very important part of university management, and according to the actual situation of the school work, student management system can not only improve the efficiency of staff and students, but can also be a time and resources saver. In this project, object oriented design methods are applied to the development of the system. The author will use Rational Rose UML modeling to complete the requirement analysis of the student management system, and the functionality and performance analysis. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction In recent years, with the growth of colleges and universities across the globe, the number of students is also increasing exponentially, which is sure to bring university management a great deal of stress. University student management as relevant part of university management, and its significance cannot be ignored. Therefore how to ease the stress on university management as the number of university students increases has been a problem that we have to face. With the continuous development and improvement of computer technology and the growth of the Internet technology, Information Technology is rapidly spreading into various fields of human social life and plays an increasingly significant role. Student management system is an information system that can do various types of data collection, storage, processing, transformation and transmission. It is the application of IT in the field of teaching management. An efficient student management system is not only for the smooth development of the university management to provide favorable conditions, but also plays an important role to improve the quality of tertiary Education. . 2 Problem statement Misuse of resources, be it human or material can have great effect on any nations socio-political and economic development (Annam, 2010). In the following management system currently being used at Makerere University. Typographic errors and data integrity: a lot of unavoidable errors are made with the manual system especially during data collection and entry. This makes information inaccu rate and goes a long way to affect the integrity of the university student management system. Data security: data stored on shelves or in file cabinets can easily be damaged by insects or fire. They could even be destroyed by employees over time due to degradation from constant handling, and may be accessed by unauthorized persons. 1. 3 Solutions The new system will help make data collection and entry more accurate, thereby ensuring the dissemination of accurate information to the various users of the student management system. The new system will make sure data is securely stored and will only be accessed by authorized personnel. . 4 Aim To introduce, develop and implement a student management system for Makerere University 1. 5 Objectives 1. To review the existing manual system and application. . To compare similar existing systems and applications. 3. To review the relevant topics/concepts/technologies related to the project. 4. To review methodologies and propose a suitable methodology for the project. 5. To carry out fact-finding/information gathering for the new system. 6. To design the database and the interface of the new system. 1. 6 Rationale Makerere University is one of Ugandas top universities and still manages student information manually. This manual system faces a number of challenges that affects the core of the student management systems. Some of these challenges include; ypographic errors, inadequate data security or the complete lack thereof, data integrity issues, difficulty in data accessibility, unmanageable data control, etc. herefore, the aim of this project is to introduce, develop and implement a student management system for the University in order to eliminate the barriers placed by the current manual system. 1. 7 Summary In this chapter, the author has covered the scope, aim and objective of the new proposed student management system and also the problem statement of the existing manual system and also how these problems will be solved using various tools and techniques.

10 Ways to Reduce College Stress

10 Ways to Reduce College Stress At any given point in time, most college students are stressed about something; its just part of going to school. While having stress in your life is normal and often unavoidable, being stressed is something you can control. Follow these ten tips to learn how to keep your stress in check and how to relax when it gets to be too much. 1. Dont Stress About Being Stressed This may seem ridiculous at first, but it is listed first for a reason: when youre feeling stressed, you feel like youre on edge and everything is barely being held together. Dont beat yourself up too badly about it! Its all normal, and the best way to handle stress is to not get more stressed about...being stressed. If youre stressed out, admit it and figure out how to handle it. Focusing on it, especially without taking action, will only make things seem worse. 2. Get Some Sleep Being in college means your sleep schedule is, most likely, far from ideal. Getting more sleep can help your mind refocus, recharge, and re-balance. This can mean a quick nap, a night when you go to bed early, or a promise to yourself to stick with a regular sleep schedule. Sometimes, one good nights sleep can be all you need to hit the ground running amidst a stressful time. 3. Get Some (Healthy!) Food Similar to your sleep habits, your eating habits may have gone by the wayside when you started school. Think about what- and when- youve eaten over the past few days. You may think your stress is psychological, but you could also be feeling physical stress (and putting on the Freshman 15) if youre not fueling your body appropriately. Go eat something balanced and healthy: fruits and veggies, whole grains, protein. Make your mama proud with what you choose for dinner tonight! 4.  Get Some Exercise You may think that if you dont have the time to sleep and eat properly, you definitely dont have the time to exercise. Fair enough, but if youre feeling stressed, it may be that you need to squeeze it in somehow. Exercise doesnt necessarily have to involve a 2-hour, exhausting workout at the campus gym. It can mean a relaxing, 30-minute walk while listening to your favorite music. In fact, in a little over an hour, you can 1) walk 15 minutes to your favorite off-campus restaurant, 2) eat a quick and healthy meal, 3) walk back, and 4) take a power nap. Imagine how much better youll feel! 5. Get Some Quiet Time Take one moment and think: when was the last time you had some quality, quiet time alone? Personal space for students in college rarely exists. You may share your room, your bathroom, your classrooms, your dining hall, the gym, the bookstore, the library, and anywhere else you go during an average day. Finding a few moments of peace and quiet- with no cell phone, roommates, or crowds- might be just what you need. Stepping out from the crazy college environment for a few minutes can do wonders for reducing your stress. 6.  Get Some Social Time Have you been working on that English paper for three days straight? Can you even see what youre writing anymore for your chemistry lab? You could be stressed because youre being too focused on getting things done. Dont forget that your brain is like a muscle, and even it needs a break every once in a while! Take a break and see a movie. Grab some friends and go out dancing. Hop a bus and hang out downtown for a few hours. Having a social life is an important part of your college experience, so dont be afraid to keep it in the picture when youre stressed. It could be when you need it most! 7. Make Work More  Fun You may be stressed about one particular thing: a final paper due Monday, a class presentation due Thursday. You basically just need to sit down and plow through it. If this is the case, try to figure out how to make it a little more fun and enjoyable. Is everyone writing final papers? Agree to work together in your room for 2 hours and then order pizza together for dinner. Do a lot of your classmates have huge presentations to put together? See if you can reserve a classroom or room in the library where you can all work together and share supplies. You may just lower everyones stress level. 8. Get Some Distance You may be handling your own problems and trying to help others around you. While this can be nice for them, check in and be honest with yourself about how your helpful demeanor may be causing more stress in your life. Its okay to take a step back and focus on yourself for a little while, especially if you are stressed and your academics are at risk. After all, how can you keep helping others if youre not even in a state to help yourself? Figure out which things are causing you the most stress and how you can take a step back from each. And then, most importantly, take that step. 9. Get a Little Help It can be hard to ask for help, and unless your friends are psychic, they may not know how stressed out you are. Most college students are going through the same things at the same thing, so dont feel silly if you need to just vent for 30 minutes over coffee with a friend. It may help you process out what you need to do, and help you realize that the things you are so stressed about are actually pretty manageable. If youre afraid of dumping too much on a friend, most colleges have counseling centers specifically for their students. Dont be afraid to make an appointment if you think it will help. 10. Get Some Perspective College life can be overwhelming. You want to hang out with your friends, join clubs, explore off campus, join a fraternity or sorority, and be involved in the campus newspaper. It can sometimes feel like there arent enough hours in the day. Thats because there arent. Theres only so much any person can handle, and you need to remember the reason why youre in school: academics. No matter how exciting your co-curricular life can be, you wont be able to enjoy any of it if you dont pass your classes. Make sure to keep your eye on the prize and then head out and change the world!

Debriefing Report for VoIP2.biz, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Debriefing Report for VoIP2.biz, Inc - Essay Example The voice communication often remained on the plain Old Telephone Service (POTS).In business market, voice communication is still important to the business and remained 10 to 20 times the size of internet communication. Most business spends money every month on the legacy telephony technology. The company should therefore have some POTS for these businesses. They can also switch some of the many POTS to VolP services.Ordinarilly, the market for VolP typically measured in terms of how many POTS lines are available. VolP should allow the integration of organizations many locations including the remote workers into a single communication costs and expand functionality by combining voice and data into one network and by bringing advanced features that are not currently available to most small and midsize business customers. They need to replace all the POTS Telephone circuits with internet connections and utilize open source voice applications and commodity intercircuits.Smaller versions of PBX systems should be introduced to manage voice communication and optimizing the utilization of carrier services, reducing company monthly expenses. The company should also utilize HSC services such as DSC to reduce costs by outsourcing central engineering and equipment

Over-education in the graduate labour market in the UK Coursework

Over-education in the graduate labour market in the UK - Coursework Example Moreover, the people who have over education in their first job position are prone to be victims in their second, as well as their subsequent jobs. The case thus raises an implication in the schools and the policy makers to review the particulars in order to reduce the instance of the over school situation. The following paper, therefore, illustrates the situation of over education and its relation in the UK. The paper sets to explain the causes of the attainment of over education in the nation and compares the impact it has on job satisfaction. The document has a reference list at the completion in the act of authenticating the propositions therein. Most parents over the years believe in the fact that education is the key to wealth. The issues have had its roots well ground in the UK for long in that the white collar jobs have the regard of the most suitable. As a result, most people take education far-reaching and the investment in particular careers has been intense. Consequently, the attachment of advantage on who is more viable to get a particular job is as per the educational qualifications of an individual (Brief A. P., 2002, p. 279). The instance has led to the establishment of very many educational institutions in the UK that are offering undergraduate and post graduate studies. In the job market, people in possession of an undergraduate degree are at a disadvantage when enrolling with persons with a post graduate degree. The school level is thus directly proportional to the probability of acquiring a job position. Research reveals that over education is a common happening in the UK. The fact explains that most of the human resources possess job positions that do not match their educational qualifications (Hanley-Maxwell C., 2011, p. 13). A job, on the other hand, does not have the remuneration that their school level

Physiological Psychology and Ocd Essay Example for Free

Physiological Psychology and Ocd Essay Physiological Psychology is as described by Kalat (1998) as the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behaviour and experience. It is devoted to the study of brain functioning, how Neurons and Glia convey messages to one another and other parts of the body for it to function and work accordingly. Future studies of physiological psychology will help predict behavioural patterns in society and how brain functions can be â€Å"rewritten† through cognitive therapies .e.g. alcoholism, drug addictions. Kalat (1998) further goes onto explain that a Biological psychologist (physiological psychologist) try to answer four types of questions about any given behaviour, how it relates to the physiology of the brain (what parts of the brain are active) and other organs, how it develops within the individual, how did the capacity for this behaviour evolve and why did this behaviour evolve. Without the physiological understanding of how brain process work in relation to behaviour it is difficult to correctly diagnose a behaviour pattern and its cause. Kalat (1998) describes that â€Å"having a little anxiety can be useful†, however OCD is a condition in which there is excessive anxiety. OCD can be explained to a patient in simple physiological terms explaining the behaviour of the brain, for example: OCD patients often have a broken mechanism (being a synapse interaction) in their brain that would usually stop a thought once you have it. In an OCD patient it does not (stop the thought) – so the thought is allowed to revolve. This seems in description that it would sound more like a broken record than OCD really does, but that isn’t what really happens. OCD can be genetic but is most certainly physiological in nature. Without an understanding of brain functioning and how these neurons interact, how can psychologists work to alleviate the symptoms of the disorder? Research into the biological causes and effects of OCD has revealed a link between OCD and insufficient levels of the brain chemical, serotonin. Serotonin is one of the brains chemical messengers that transmit signals between brain cells. Serotonin plays a role in the regulation of mood, aggression, impulse control, sleep, appetite, body temperature and pain. For example persons with unregulated serotonin lead to destructive antisocial behaviour patterns, which society commonly experiences on a growing scale. All of the medicines used to treat OCD raise the levels of serotonin available to transmit messages. Without physiological psychological research into the effects that these medicines have on the brain society would lack the knowledge and understanding of how to diagnose and appropriately treat disorders such as OCD. Modern brain imaging techniques have allowed researchers to study the activity of specific areas of the brain. Such studies have shown that people with OCD have more than usual activity in three areas of the brain. These are: The caudate nucleus, specific brain cells in the basal ganglia, located deep in the centre of the brain this area of the brain acts as a filter for thoughts coming in from other areas. The caudate nucleus is also considered to be important in managing habitual and repetitive behaviours. When OCD is successfully treated with drugs or therapy, the activity in this area of the brain usually decreases. This shows that both drugs and a change in thinking can alter the physical functioning of the brain. The prefrontal orbital cortex, located in the front area of the brain the level of activity in the prefrontal orbital cortex is believed to affect appropriate social behaviour. Lowered activity or damage in this region is linked to feeling uninhibited, making bad judgments and feeling a lack of guilt. More activity may therefore cause more worry about social concerns. Such concerns include: being meticulous, neat and preoccupied with cleanliness, and being afraid of acting inappropriately. All of these concerns are symptoms of OCD. The cingulate gyrus, in the centre of the brain the cingulate gyrus is believed to contribute the emotional response to obsessive thoughts. This area of the brain tells you to perform compulsions to relieve anxiety. This region is highly interconnected to the prefrontal orbital cortex and the basal ganglia via a number of brain cell pathways. The basal ganglia, the prefrontal orbital cortex and the cingulate gyrus all have many brain cells affected by serotonin. Researchers believe that medicines that raise the levels of serotonin available to transmit messages may change the level of activity in these areas of the brain. Kalat (1998) offers the idea that drugs intended to control anxiety alter activity at amygdale synapses. â€Å"One of the amygdala’s main excitatory neuromodulators is CCK (cholecystokinin), which increases anxiety, and the main inhibitory transmitter is GABA, which inhibits anxiety.† Without physiological research into the how and why of brain function, people with disorders such as OCD would not be able to function â€Å"normally† within society. However this type of research and study is not limited just too diagnosing disorders in those with suspected behavioural problems but also allows insight into society as a whole and its interaction socially, emotionally and habitually. New and innovative studies through physiological research have shown that cognitive behavioural therapy can change activity in certain areas of the brain. The discovery could have important clinical implications on how talk therapies improve brain function and advance mental health. Researchers discovered significant changes in activity in certain regions of the brain can be produced with as little as four weeks of daily therapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder as published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry. â€Å"The study is exciting because it tells us more about how cognitive-behavioural therapy works for OCD and shows that both robust clinical improvements and changes in brain activity occur after only four weeks of intensive treatment,† said Saxena. Past studies using functional brain imaging studies of patients with OCD have demonstrated that elevated activity along the frontal-sub cortical circuits of the brain decreases in response to treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medications or cognitive-behavioural therapy. However, clinical improvement of OCD symptoms was expected to require up to 12 weeks of behavioural therapy or medication treatment, the standard treatments for OCD. Only a handful of studies have looked at how therapy affects brain function, and all previous studies had examined changes over several months of treatment. Continual studies into physiological psychology will enhance clinical practises and provide a platform for more effective treatment of the symptoms related to this disorder. Saxena and colleagues at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA made two novel discoveries in their study of 10 OCD patients and 12 control subjects. â€Å"First of all, we discovered significant changes in brain activity solely as the result of four weeks of intensive cognitive-behavioural therapy,† said Saxena. â€Å"Secondly, these changes were different than those seen in past studies after a standard 12-week therapeutic approach using SRI medications or weekly behavioural therapy.† The researchers obtained positron emission tomography (PET) scans of the ten OCD patients both before and after they received four weeks of a therapy known as â€Å"exposure and response prevention,† which gradually desensitizes patients to things that provoke obsession fears or worries. However, the PET scans in this study also showed a significant increase in activity in an area of the brain called the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region involved in reappraisal and suppression of negative emotions. Increasing activity in this region corresponded to the OCD patients’ improvement in clinical symptoms after the four-week course of intensive therapy. It is possible to see the huge amount of information that physiological research has bought forth to society through just these examples alone. Physiological psychology is the study of the physiological basis of how we think, connecting the physical operation of the brain with what we actually say and do. It is thus concerned with brain cells, brain structures and components, brain chemistry, and how all this leads to speech and action. Further research as to how growing debilitating disorders such as OCD could be eliminated or drastically reduced in severity has weight in its importance. The research however does not stop with OCD diagnosis but has relevant importance to understand how we take in information in general from our five senses. Future studies based on OCD research could be more relevant than we think to other major issues facing society such as depression, drug addiction and mental health. It is imperative for governing bodies to fund education and research into the study of physiological psychology for this very reason. References: Kalat 1998 Biological Psychology Molecular Psychiatry Molecular Psychiatry 14, 197-205 (February 2009) | doi:10.1038/sj.mp.400213

Basket Weaving in the Tohono Oodham Tribe :: Essays Papers

Basket Weaving in the Tohono O'odham Tribe The Tohono O’odham tribe has been weaving baskets for at least 2000 years. Although the reason for weaving has changed through the years the Tohono O’odham are still using the same weaving styles as their ancestors. Basket weaving for the Tohono O’odham has gone from an everyday essential to a prestigious art form. Basket weaving for the Tohono O’odham represents an active way of preserving their culture, valuing traditions, and creating bonding ties within the tribe; consequently weaving has transcended into an economic resource. Basket weaving has played a large part in the culture of the Tohono O’odham tribe. Baskets were used mainly for practical purposes in the past. They were very important in the every day life of the tribe. It was the women's job in the tribe to weave the baskets. The baskets were used to haul grain and food. Many baskets were woven so tight that they were used to hold water and liquor. Baskets were also very important in ceremonies, such as the Rainmaking Ceremony. In ceremonial practices, scared objects were often placed into baskets. The ceremonial baskets were made especially for different ceremonies and were never used for every day purposes. Sacred objects were sometimes single fetishes and sometimes collections of objects brought together though the years and kept in a ceremonial basket (Underhill 24). The proper way to keep fetishes was in an oblong basket of twilled yucca (Underhill 24). This oblong basket was called a waca, not to be confused with the ordinary coiled basket, which was called a hoa. It was very important to the tribe not to keep scared objects in regular baskets. People who owned a fetish kept their basket packed with eagle down, deertails and periodically â€Å"fed† the scared object with cane cigarettes and even food (Underhill 24-25). They could not move the baskets with out a ritual, which was part of the ceremony for food or purification. If anyone who was not authorized to move the basket touch ed it, the tribe believed a flood would come. The ceremonial baskets are very important to the Tohono O’odham tribe for a lot of their religious ceremonies.

Mary Shelley novel ‘Frankenstein’ Essay

Once, Victor completes his creation of the being he finds him to be very repulsive and he feels it is impossible to love such a ‘ thing ‘, ‘ His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black and flowing†¦ but these luxuries only formed a more horrid contrast’. Instead of staying to understand why and how his experiment went so drastically wrong, or to take care of his creation, he runs away from his responsibilities with fear ‘ one hand wrenched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escape and rushed down stairs†¦ ‘ During Victors encounters with his creation he treats his creation with disrespect and hatred even though it was he who created this monster. Victor feels his creation is disdain and malignant, he also feels that his creatures ‘ ugliness rendered it almost too horrible for human eyes ‘. During this time Victor is very childish in his opinions as he insults his creation ‘ it ‘ hasn’t done anything wrong. But on the other hand, his creation tries to be civilized and reasonable. Victor tries using his intelligence to fight against the creature, as the creature defeats him in any imaginable physical aspect. But Victor underestimates the creature’s true intelligence and understanding of life; the creature returns the fire back to Victor with his own degree of intelligence. This situation soon turns to Victor becoming seriously immature and irresponsible, as he tries to incorporate a verbal battle into the damage relationship between them unlike the creature who tries to civil. Initially Frankenstein’s creature is seen as aggressive and violent but this is only shown in the eyes of Victor Frankenstein. The creation is no portrayed a thoughtful and caring creature but this is overshadowed by his aggression which he only uses to emphasise is want for a father figure and a friend, so he looks to Frankenstein, his creature. Because of Frankenstein’s rejection the creature becomes more and more bitter and rejected and as a result becomes more violent and aggressive which is his way of portraying hatred towards Frankenstein. At this point of the novel the creature created by Frankenstein acts more adult-like than Frankenstein himself. I feel that Frankenstein should take responsibility for his own action and consider the consequences, and then reflect on these consequences, but he totally rejects the creature because of its appearance. The creation has learnt a lot of advanced knowledge in a short space of time, and has become more lingual than his creator, which shows that the creature could live alone in the world but it just needs a companion or a father figure to help him on the way. Victor’s tragic fate is sealed by his growing obsession to destroy his creation because of all the hurt it has caused him in the latter stages of the novel. As Victor’s obsession to destroy the monster grows he begins to have a role reversal as he becomes the outsider and the creature becomes the supremely intelligent one, now he experiences all the misery and hatred that the monster felt after he rejected him. This change is quite ironic as the creature and Victor switch roles. This ironic change also shows Frankenstein how he treated people at this time from this Victor learnt a very important lesson ‘ Treat others as you would like to be treated yourself ‘. This change now begins to change Victor’s perspective on life, as he starts to feel guilty for what he has put his creation through, the torture and rejection. The guilt has now been emphasised by the hatred of Frankenstein of him self and his hatred of the creature. In conclusion the tragic fate of Victor Frankenstein is brought about by his own careless actions. Mary Shelley is showing us that the causes of Victor’s death were down to himself and his own actions. Victor’s careless pursuit of scientific knowledge is partly to blame for his fate as he never, until his monster was created thought about the consequences. Victor’s overstepping of human boundaries by defying God and going against nature is also partially to blame as, he again never considers the moral issues surrounding the recreation of people. Finally the main point of his fate was caused by his inability to love what he has given to live. Frankenstein only sees his creation for its inhuman looks and physical appearance, instead of the creature’s personality and feelings; he only shows a one-dimensional view of the monster. Mary Shelley has given the novel a hidden message, this message is trying to put across the dangers of pride and egotism, as in the novel Victor feels that when he recreates life he will become world famous. The second message of this novel is that the careless use of science can become dangerous. Frankenstein not considering the consequences of his action is showing this careless use of science. Mary Shelley does not criticize this act of creation, but Victor is unwilling to accept responsibility, for his deeds. His creation only becomes a monster because of its rejection from humans and especially Victor Frankenstein. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Frankenstein – how would a modern reader react to Frankenstein

Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in the year 1818. Mary Shelley's writing was actually very relevant to the gothic literature written in those times. People back then had very strong religious beliefs and despised the idea of â€Å"playing God†. The new scary gothic-genre was exciting as well as inspiring for people. Mary Shelley uses negative adjectives and melancholy to create a gloomy and dark atmosphere. The first sentence is an example of this technique: â€Å"It was on a dreary night of November†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This sets the scene for the birth of the monster – the sinister mood already suggests that something bad will happen. In addition, â€Å"rain pattered dismally against the panes† and the candle â€Å"was nearly burnt out† with a â€Å"half extinguished light†. This is slowly building tension and the audience is on edge. The creature is always described in such a negative tone that the audience can share Frankenstein's distaste for the creature. There is a whole paragraph on just the ugly appearance, for example: The creatures eyes are described as â€Å"dull yellow† and â€Å"His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath†. The creature is also called a â€Å"wretch† and a â€Å"demoniacal corpse†. The audience first presumes the creature is evil as well as hideous. At the moment of his birth, however, the creature is in fact entirely benevolent: he affectionately reaches out to Frankenstein – who the creature calls â€Å"father† later – but is dejectedly abandoned by Frankenstein. The evil one is now seen as Frankenstein, besides he has given life to, what is really the equivalent of a newly-born child, and has now left it behind. This exposes the immoral side of his character – he takes place of God (which anyone would know is not going to be good) and then he just leaves it behind like a sort of experiment he has just finished with. This shows the moral issues about the story – mainly Frankenstein's approach of taking God's place, but also his inability to care (for creature and family), and this supports the saying â€Å"never judge a book by its cover† meaning outer appearance never exposes the true inside. For people in the 19th century, this broadened their views on religion as a whole and the story shows that no one should ever take God's place and if this is possible, there are grave consequences. However, for a modern audience to be reading this story, they will not receive half as much effect as people from the 19th Century. Mary Shelley wanted to intimidate the audience with frightening language, but for a modern reader this almost seems boring. You could say that her story set a platform for gothic writers to follow, however this language has been over-used and now seems very out-dated. Modern readers are not just less gullible than the 19th Century readers, but we're also much more educated and have a greater knowledge of science. We modern readers know that making life is scientifically impossible, even if a whole body is used (and definitely not with electric eels and whatever else Frankenstein did. And anyway what's wrong with natural reproduction? But obviously the 19th Century readers always open to new science and are excited by anything new really. But back then people were very unsure of how far man could play God. No person felt that there is no God, and everyone lived in fear for all misfortune was caused by God. On the other hand, many people from the 21st century are in fact atheist (meaning non-believer). We don't fear God as much as people from 19th Century, but we are still wise enough to understand that there are limits. If what Frankenstein did could be accomplished, should and would we do it? This is a very controversial issue that people back then would have a straight answer to. Scientists have only recently made bacteria just by DNA. This could have benefits of helping health care but could there be a danger of creating humans out of DNA? Also could cloning animals, ultimately end up in humans getting cloned and creating genetically superior humans and a genetic underclass? There is no doubt this story has sparked people's imaginations for generations but one question that still hasn't been answered is – Could man create new life?

Surrealist Cover Design -- Interviewing Jeff Huang

Surrealist Cover Design Interviewing Jeff Huang Surrealist Cover Design Interviewing Jeff Huang â€Å"I am fascinated by the idea of the subconscious bleeding into the conscious world†Ã‚  Ã‚  At Reedsy, we like to take some pride in the people we have been able to attract. Our vision was to create a community of truly great freelance talent and make it available for authors. Every day, as more great editors, proofreaders, designers and artists are added, we are getting a little closer to making this vision a reality.Today, we have the honor of interviewing one of our very best artists. Whether it’s for Stephen King, Sara Raasch, Nintendo or himself, his work is instantly recognisable by its surrealist inspiration: a provocative play with images that blend and blur reality.â€Å"Covers don’t sell books†? You’re wrong. His covers do.Would you consider yourself a neo-surrealist? At Reedsy, we’re big fans of painters like Dali, De Chirico or even Magritte, and have immediately been drawn to your art because of that. Do you take your inspira tion from them? I don’t know if I consider myself a neo-surrealist so to speak†¦ I do consider myself a multidisciplinary artist who takes inspiration from many things. I am fascinated by the idea of the subconscious bleeding into the conscious world, so I explored that idea in some of my signature works. Dali is my favorite fine artist of all time, followed by Magritte - I just absolutely love their imagination. Jeff Huang’s imagery for Stephen King’s â€Å"The Dome†Ã‚  Ã‚  Visit Jeff Huang’s profile on Reedsy  and follow him on Twitter: @TheFifthOrderDo you think Jeff overestimates the selling power of exceptional cover design? Does the emergence of independent publishing endanger the quality of graphic art on book covers and illustrations? Leave us your thoughts, or any question for Jeff, in the comments below!Find out more  about book cover design, book layout design or illustration  on Reedsy on our design homepage.

Russian Revolution Timeline

Russian Revolution Timeline The Russian Revolution of 1917 deposed the czar and installed the Bolsheviks in power. After winning the civil war in Russia, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet Union in 1922. Timelines of the Russian Revolution are often confusing because up until February 1918 Russia used a different calendar than the rest of the Western world. The 19th century, the Julian calendar, used by Russia, was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar (used by most of the Western world) until March 1, 1900, when it became 13 days behind. In this timeline, the dates are in the Julian Old Style, with the Gregorian New Style (NS) date in parentheses, until the change in 1918. Thereafter, all dates are in the Gregorian. Timeline of the Russian Revolution 1887 May 8 (May 20 NS) - Lenins brother, Alexander Ulyanov, is hanged for plotting to kill Czar Alexander III. 1894 October 20 (November 1 NS) - Czar Alexander III dies after a sudden illness and his son, Nicholas II, becomes the ruler of Russia.November 14 (November 26 NS) - Czar Nicholas II marries Alexandra Fedorovna. 1895 December 8 (December 20 NS) - Lenin is arrested, kept in solitary confinement for 13 months, and then exiled to Siberia for three years. 1896 May 14 (May 26 NS) - Nicholas II crowned czar of Russia. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images 1903 July 17 - August 10 (July 30 - August 23 NS) - The Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) meeting in which the Party splits into two factions: Mensheviks (minority) and Bolsheviks (majority). 1904 July 30 (August 12 NS) - After having four girls, Czarina Alexandra gives birth to a son, Alexei. 1905 January 9 (January 22 NS) - Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg begins the 1905 Russian Revolution.October 17 (October 30 NS) - The October Manifesto, issued by Czar Nicholas II, brings an end to the 1905 Russian Revolution by promising civil liberties and an elected parliament (Duma). 1906 April 23 (May 6 NS) - A constitution (the Fundamental Laws of 1906) is created, reflecting the promises made in the October Manifesto. 1914 July 15 (July 28 NS) - World War I begins. 1915 September 5 (September 18 NS) - Czar Nicholas II assumes supreme command of the Russian Army. 1916 December 17 (December 30) - Rasputin is murdered. 1917 February 23-27 (March 8-12 NS) - The February Revolution begins with strikes, demonstrations, and mutinies in Petrograd (also called the March Revolution if following the Gregorian calendar).March 2 (March 15 NS) - Czar Nicholas II abdicates and includes his son. The following day, Nicholas brother, Mikhail announced his refusal to accept the throne. Provisional Government formed.April 3 (April 16 NS) - Lenin returns from exile and arrives in Petrograd via a sealed train.July 3-7 (July 16-20 NS) - The July Days begin in Petrograd with spontaneous protests against the Provisional Government; after the Bolsheviks unsuccessfully try to direct these protests into a coup, Lenin is forced into hiding.July 11 (July 24 NS) - Alexander Kerensky becomes Prime Minister of the Provisional Government.August 22-27 (September 4-9 NS) - The Kornilov Affair, a failed coup by General Lavr Kornilov, commander of the Russian Army.October 25 (November 7 NS) - The October Revolution - the Bolsheviks take over Petrograd (also called the November Revolution if following the Gregorian calendar). October 26 (November 8 NS) - The Winter Palace, the last holdout of the Provisional Government, is taken by the Bolsheviks; the Council of Peoples Commissars (abbreviated as Sovnarkom), led by Lenin, is now in control of Russia. 1918 February 1/14 - The new Bolshevik government converts Russia from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar turning February 1 into February 14.March 3 - The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, between Germany and Russia, is signed and takes Russia out of World War I.March 8 - The Bolshevik Party changes its name to the Communist Party.March 11 - The capital of Russia is changed from St. Petersburg to Moscow.June - Russian civil war begins.July 17 - Czar Nicholas II and his family are executed.August 30 - An assassination attempt leaves Lenin seriously wounded. Heritage Images / Getty Images 1920 November - Russian civil war ends. 1922 April 3 - Stalin is appointed General Secretary.May 26 - Lenin suffers his first stroke.December 15 - Lenin suffers his second stroke and retires from politics.December 30 - The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) established. 1924 January 21 - Lenin dies; Stalin will become his successor. Laski Diffusion / Getty Images

Analyze how Beth and Calvins own family backgrounds influence and Essay

Analyze how Beth and Calvins own family backgrounds influence and affect them within their family and their relationship with Conrad in Ordinary People - Essay Example Calvin Jarrett, father of Conrad Jarrett is working as a Tax Attorney. His family background is pathetic because he spent his childhood in an orphanage. So he is well aware of his status and responsibilities as a father. He tried his best to be a good father but consider himself as a failure in relationship with his wife and son. The words: â€Å"Responsibility. That is fatherhood.† (Guest 9) makes clear that Calvin consider fatherhood as a serious matter and responsibility towards his son. But his problem was that he did not have any role model to follow because he spent his childhood in an orphanage. But his life at the orphanage deeply influences his family relation. He was ready to give up his affair with Molly Davis for the well being of his family. Beth shows keen interest to keep a balanced relation with his son who is too close to him. But his good character and keen interest to maintain cordial relation with his family members does not help him to maintain his family in a proper manner. Eventually, his wife decided to leave him amidst of problems. So, one can see that Beth’s family background as an orphan influence him to maintain affectionate relation with his son but it badly affect his relation with his wife and his lover. At the same time, Beth Jarrett, mother of Conrad is from a different family background which forces her to keep herself away from real life situations. She is so obsessed with imaginary vacations and wishes to keep away herself from family matters. The words of the speaker in the novel make clear that: â€Å"Self-possessed is what she is; he emphatically does not own her, nor does not have control over her, nor can he understand or even predict with reliability her moods, her attitudes.† (Guest 25) Beth was self-possessed personality and her husband did not have any control over her

Nanotechnology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nanotechnology - Term Paper Example On the other hand, Eric Drexler, the founder of Foresight Nanotech Institute introduced to the world the term â€Å"nanotechnology in 1986, and used it to describe the bottom up approach. In contrary to Taniguchi, Drexler looked at nanotechnology from the perspective of a physicist. He referred to nanotechnology as a large scale mechanosynthesis that is founded on the positional control of molecules that are chemically reactive. The founders of nanotechnology anticipate that, in the future, the term will probably include building mechanisms and machines with nano-scale dimensions, also referred to as the Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) (Cutcliffe 81). According to McGinn (2010), nanotechnology has emerged due to the advent of modern technological trends used for creating more comfort for the mankind. This technology will totally refurbish the way in which electronic and digital devices operate (McGinn 116). The concept of nanotechnology is based on further reduction of the size of tr ansistors and that of electronic circuitry that would enable working at the molecular level. Its implementation would not be limited to the field of technology and science, rather medicine, construction and other sciences would equally benefit from it (Ghattas 271). Nanotechnology is being made into it to introduce and transfer it from laboratory to markets due to its productivity; this has caught attention worldwide research as well as investment. Nanotechnology has gathered a lot of attention across the world, and rapid investments are being made into it. Some of the likely benefits include; the reduction in size, the speed of processing, capability to access further small elements and running the electronic circuits, processors, machines at a more brisk pace (Cutcliffe 90). The problem to be addressed in the proposed study is since 2000, the U.S. Government has spent more than $15.6 billion in advancing the nanotechnology industry; however, research is not progressing at an effec tive and efficient rate because a roadmap for nanotechnology research to move technology from the laboratory into the marketplace has not been established (Waldron 6292). From FY2001 through FY2012, the federal government invested in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology through the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). Because of this focus and these investments, the U.S. has emerged as a global leader in nanotechnology. Further, nanotechnology is multiplying its applicability exponentially (Roberts, 2011). However, competition for global leadership in nanotechnology is escalating as nations and organizations worldwide increase investments in nanotechnology implementation (Waldron 6293). Maintaining U.S. leadership poses a technical, economic, and policy challenge for effective technology transfer to the private sector. Continued lack of attention to this concern will make it difficult for the U.S. to maintain its leadership role in the commercialization of nanote chnology. While the future of nanotechnology is promising and shows remarkable profitability for private industry, it is still a new practical science, and consequently it can be a high-risk and unpredictable commercial endeavor (Waldron, 6294). After 12 years and over $15 billion in research funds, the applications of nanotechnology appears to advance rapidly in research, yet slowly to being put in commercial practice in the United States (Holley 9). The idea of nanotechnology has

Discuss the major problem involoved in the develpoment of anticancer Essay

Discuss the major problem involoved in the develpoment of anticancer agents today include in ur answer some discussion what step might be taken to get around so - Essay Example Surgical treatment involves surgical excision of a tumor or an entire organ but the propensity of cancer cells to microscopically metastases makes it effective only in localized small cancers such as breast and prostate tumors. Radiation therapy can come in the form of radiotherapy, X-ray therapy and irradiation and uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy involves the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic drugs that can have many effects specifically geared towards the elimination of cancer cells. One of the effects of the drugs is to interfere with cell division by hindering the duplication of DNA and the separation of chromosomes. The anticancer drugs travel through the bloodstream making it useful for cancers that have spread. Monoclonal antibody therapy involves the administration of antibodies that bind to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells. Cancer treatment depends on factors such as location, degree of severity, grade of tumor and the general state of the patient. In essence, the goal of cancer treatment is to remove or destroy the malignant cells without excessive damage to the body. This is easier said than done. Indeed, the treatments mentioned are far from being the panacea for cancer as they are severely limited not only by financial challenges but also of scientific obstacles that makes it very hard for scientists to make a breakthrough in the field of cancer research. The aim of this paper is to determine the challenges facing the development of a cure of cancer. While a discussion on financial constraints would be provided, I will be focusing more on the theoretical and scientific aspects that inhibit the development of cancer cure. Possible solutions for overcoming developing cancer cure that are based on studies will then be discussed and explored to determine the principles of how it would work. 2.0 The Current State of Cancer Research 2.1 Development Processes in Clinical Studies Developing a new drug is an expensive, time-consuming process that usually takes ten years to push through. Development and determination of effectiveness of possible cancer treatment usually comes in the form clinical trials. Clinicaltrials areresearch studies wherein the treatment is applied to human patients to determine if it is effective. Regulating bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversee medical and ethical panels that review the research methods and ethics of the clinical trial to be undertaken and monitor the trial phases. The standard phases are the following (Coleman, 1998): Synthesis and Purification (1st and 2nd year) - researchers identify a substance that may be useful as a drug. Animal Testing (1st and 2nd year) - the substance is tested on animals to obtain preliminary information on whether the drug is safe and how it is metabolized in the body. Phase 1 Clinical trials (3rd year) - patients who have advanced cancer and are not helped by any other known treatments are recruited for the trial. They would be subjected to an analysis for the best dosage and delivery method of a new drug treatment. Phase 2 Clinical trials (4th and 5th year) - the drug is tested with groups of patients each having a different type of cancer. This is done to determine what types of cancer can the

Theories Explaining The Cause Of Dyslexia Psychology Essay

Theories Explaining The Cause Of Dyslexia Psychology Essay According to this hypothesis dyslexia is caused due to the impairment of the phonological module which disrupts the ability to sequence the written word into its phonetic constituents[ D. Shankweiler et al,1995]. Reading is a complex process that involves two steps: decoding and comprehension[P.B. Gough,1986]. The process of comprehension requires higher order cognitive abilities like intelligence, vocabulary[D.L. Share,1995] which are left unaffected in dyslexia[Shaywitz SE,2001]. Decoding involves the conversion of graphemes to phonemes. As a result the written word is not decoded properly which makes the individual difficult to comprehend it. Support for this hypothesis comes from an fmri study conducted by Georgiewa[P. Georgiewa,2002] in which both the dyslexic and control subjects were asked to read silently the given linguistic stimuli. There was a significant activation of Inferior frontal gyrus(IFG) in the control subjects[P. Georgiewa,2002]. In the dyslexic subjects there wa s activation in 3 areas in addition to significant activation in the Brocas area. The hyper activation of Brocas area in dyslexics when compared to the controls could possibly be due to increased effort in phonological decoding. Recent anatomical evidence shows that there is a significant underactivation in Wernickes area, angular gyrus and striate cortex and overactivation in the Inferior frontal Gyrus in dyslexics when performing a phonological task[Shaywitz SE,1998]. Critics of this hypothesis argue that it doesnt account for symptoms not related to phonological decoding. Another criticism of this theory is that these phonological skills can be recovered on extensive training. This hypothesis states that the symptoms in dyslexia are causes due to the impairment of the magnocellular pathway of the Lateral Geniculate nucleus(LGN)[ Livingstone M,1991]. In their post mortem study of 5 dyslexic brains, Galaburda and their colleagues found that the M cells of the LGN were 20% smaller than that in normal people. The LGN is a six layered structure with the layers 1 and 2 known as magnocellular layer and the layers 3,4,5,6 known as the paarvocellular layer[Carlson,2007]. The Magnocellular layer is known as the faster processing pathway as they respond faster and responsible for contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies and low luminance levels[XuX, IchidaJM 2001, WIESELT,. N. D. H. HUBEL1. 1966].As this functional segregation of the LGN is maintained upto the cortical association areas,(posterior parietal cortex)this M-layer defect could cause impairments in reading[M. Kinsbournen 1962, Morris, R.K 1991, Olson 1991]. The theory is supported by the fact that the flicker fusion rate in dyslexics is low at conditions operated by the magnocellular layer[W.J. Lovegrove,1980].Since the major target of M cells is the Cerebellum there are possibilities where this defect in specific line of M-layer could account for the motor symptom defects in dyslexics[John Stein and Vincent Walsh,1997].The Magnocellular hypothesis has some criticisms. There is evidence against the theory that dyslexics perform worse not only in low spatial frequencies and luminance but also on high frequencies and luminance levels[Skottun, B. C, 2000]. THE DOUBLE DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS(DDH) According to this hypothesis the reading impairment caused in dyslexia is due to two deficits which are phonological and rapid naming and both are different[Wolf, M,1999]. Rapid naming deficit is a deficit in which the subjects have problem in naming different classes of stimuli when presented visually. A typical test which assesses rapid naming is Rapid Automatized naming(RAN)[ Denckla MB,1974]. According to Wolf[Wolf, M,1999], Dyslexics perform poorly on RAN. Support for this theory also comes from other researchers like Tallal, Temple[Temple 2000] who argue that dyslexic children process sounds very slowly than normal people. But Critics say that the task of rapid naming is also phonological since naming is done by spelling and producing sounds and so it involves the Brains phonological system. THE AUTOMATISATION DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS(ADH) Automatization is a process by which the process of acquisition of skill becomes finer and refined so that the skill can be performed easily. This hypothesis states that the dyslexics perform badly in any task that requires skill automatization[Nicolson,1990]. For example dyslexic children perform poorly in balancing task and the performance is poor only when they are not allowed to compensate for it consciously[Nicolson R.I and Angela J. Fawcett(1995)]. A normal child would automatize the process of hearing phonemes in a word after some period, which is difficult for dyslexic children. THE CEREBELLAR DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS(CDH) The poor performance of dyslexics on tasks that require motor skill automatization(balance task) raises a possibility that Cerebellum might the involved in Dyslexia since cerebellum is primarily involved in motor learning[J.F. Stein and M. Glickstein, 1992] and error based learning. This theory states that Dyslexia is characterised by cerebellar impairment[Nicolson, 2001]. Almost 80% of the cases of Dyslexia is characterised by Cerebellar impairment. If the cerebellum is impaired in Dyslexia then the dyslexic patients should show classic cerebellar syndromes like dystonia and ataxia[R.S. Dow and G. Moruzzi, 1958]. It was found that the performance of the dyslexics were worse than the control subjects on all the cerebellar tests[A.J. Fawcett  et al., 1996]. Direct evidence for the involvement of cerebellum in dyslexia is based on the experimental paradigm of a PET study conducted by Jenkins[I.H. Jenkins  et al, 1994]. In their study the subjects were made to learn a sequence of ke y presses by trial and error and using auditory feedback. It was found that the Cerebellum was active when the subjects learned new sequence and when the subjects were performing a prelearned sequence. The dyslexics showed less cerebellar activation (ipsilateral) both during learning of new sequence and performance of a prelearned sequence[Nicolson, 2001].One important question to answer is how cerebellar impairment could cause specific cognitive deficits in Dyslexia. The answer would be Cerebellar impairment causes problem in the childs articulatory speed which leads to reduced working memory which in turn causes language acquisition problems[S.A. Gathercole  et al, 1992]. A recent study on the morphology of Cerebellum correlates cerebellar symmetry with the degree of phonological deficit in dyslexics[Rae C,2002] indicating that there is a connection between cerebellum and phonological deficit. A lot of neuroimaging studies say that the Cerebellum is involved in language processi ng tasks[J.E. Desmond and J.A. Fiez 1998, S.G. Kim, K. Ugurbil and P.L. Strick 1994].Also abnormalities in the fronto cerebellar network is related to double deficit in dyslexics[Mark A. Eckert and Christiana M. Leonard 2003].Given all these evidences it becomes clear that cerebellum is involved in Dyslexia. But the Cerebellar deficit hypothesis also has some unanswered questions. The Cerebellum is a large structure receiving inputs from a lot of regions of the brain and so the primary impairment might be located somewhere else in the brain causing a disruption of Cerebellar processing[T. Zeffiro and G. Eden,2001].Recent research also suggests that the actual impairment might be located in the perisylvian neocortical regions[Eden, G.F. and Zeffiro, T.A. 1998, Klingberg, T. et al. 2000], which sends and receives projections from the Cerebellum. CONCLUSION Dyslexia is characterised by a wide range of symptoms and so it highly possible that the underlying defects are in multiple brain systems. Given the role of Cerebellum in Language and motor tasks, it is quite clear that cerebellum is involved in dyslexia. That said one cannot deny the PDH and MDH. Many problems in dyslexia are phonological which is in accord with the PDH. The MDH accounts for rapid processing deficits. Also Anatomical evidences described above shows that there is sufficient underactivation in the angular gyrus, Wernickes area and the magnocellular layer and the striate and extra striate cortices in dyslexics which account for the phonological and rapid processing deficits. One way of unifying these three theories is by using the fact that the Cerebellum is connected with many parts of the brain [J.D. Schmahmann and D.N. Pandya 1997, H.C. Leiner, A.L. Leiner and R. Dow 1993]. Thus I conclude by stating that Dyslexia is an impairment of multiple Brain systems.